Arrested
Mugabe is arrested and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for opposing white-minority rule.
10 year sentence for conspiracy
Zuma is convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the South African government and sentenced to ten year’s imprisonment, which he serves on Robben Island with Nelson Mandela and other notable ANC leaders. Whilst imprisoned, Zuma serves as a referee for prisoners’ association football games.
Arrested
Zuma is arrested with 45 other members of Spear of the nation (Umkhonto we Sizwe) in Zeerus, North West Province, South Africa.
Bans racial segregation in public schools
In a major civil rights victory, the U.S. Supreme Court hands down an unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, ruling that racial segregation in public educational facilities is unconstitutional. The decision deals with Linda Brown, a young African American girl who had been denied admission to her local elementary school in Topeka, Kansas, because of the color of her skin.
Sent to concentration camp
After spending three days in Vienna, Bettelheim is transferred to Dachau concentration camp for four months and then to Buchenwald. His wife goes to the United States. Later Bettelheim deposes in a document signed L-73, saying that he was able to survive partly because he could understand the mental processes of the SS guards and officers.
I worked in at least 20 different labor groups whose number varied from 20 or 30 all the way up to a few hundreds. I slept in five different barracks, in each of which 200 or 300 prisoners lived. In this way I came to know personally at least 600 prisoners at Dachau (out of approximately 6,000) and at least 900 at Buchenwald (out of approximately 8,000). Although older prisoners of the same category lived together in barracks, all categories were mixed at work so that I was able to contact and interview prisoners of all types. The main different categories were : political prisoners; “work-shy” prisoners, that is, persons who did not agree to work wherever the government wanted them to work, or who had changed working places to get higher wages, etc.; former members of the French Foreign Legion and spies; Jehovah’s Witnesses and other conscientious objectors; Jews; criminals; and other groups, e.g. former members of such suppressed Nazi groups as the followers of Roehm who were still alive. I was thus afforded an opportunity of interviewing all different groups and in this way secured an adequate sampling. was able to find only two other persons whose intelligence and training qualified them to participate in my investigation. These individuals spoke to several hundred prisoners. Every day during the morning count of the prisoners, while waiting for assignment to labor groups, reports were exchanged, and theories discussed. These talks proved very helpful in clarifying mistakes due to taking a one-sided viewpoint.
Influential friends in America ask the State Department to pressure the German authorities for his release and he is set free in April 1939.
Fined $100
Anthony’s lawyer argues at her trial that she did not violate the Enforcement Act, which states that a person cannot knowingly vote illegally because she believed she had the right to vote. Supported by recent Supreme Court cases, the judge finds that the 14th Amendment does not guarantee women the right to vote. He rules that Anthony was aware that she could not legally vote, and fines her $100 plus court costs. She refuses to pay the fine, and the authorities do not try very hard to collect it.
Grand jury indicts Anthony for voting
A grand jury indicts Anthony for voting. She is released on bail and tours the area around Rochester delivering speeches:
It was we, the people; not we, the white male citizens; nor yet we, the male citizens; but we, the whole people, who formed the Union. And it is a downright mockery to talk to women of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty while they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government — the ballot.
Arrested for voting
Anthony, three of her sisters, and other women are arrested in Rochester for voting. She is arraigned with other women and the election inspectors who had allowed her to vote in Rochester Common Council chambers. She refuses to pay bail and applies for habeas corpus, but her lawyer pays the bail, keeping the case from the Supreme Court. She is indicted in Albany, and the Rochester District Attorney asks for a change of venue because a jury might be prejudiced in her favor. At her trial in Canandaigua, the judge instructs the jury to find her guilty without discussion. He fines her $100 and makes her pay courtroom fees, but does not imprison her when she refuses to pay, therefore denying her the chance to appeal.
Recovers son
A New York law emancipates all slaves but Truth’s former master, Dumont, had already sold Peter, Isabella’s five-year old child, into slavery in Alabama. Truth sues in court, with the help of the Wageners, and recovers her son. She becomes the first black woman, after several months of litigation, to win such a case against a white man.